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Let's dive into the 6th NCERT Social book, with the 1st topic: Locating Places on the Earth...
Summary Notes for your Preparation:
Think you are in a location and want to go somewhere. You will take a map at that time.
The map is like a Treasure guide for us, which has a north compass.
Map & Components:
Physical map: mainly shows some natural features such as mountains, oceans, and rivers
Political map: shows details of the country or the state's boundaries, cities,s extra
Thematic maps: with a specific kind of information rainfall, vegetation, soil type, etc..
We also use distance, direction, and symbols.
How do they fit into maps?
Because of their scale value. For example, considering 1 cm as 500 m, then 2 cm is 1000 m.
Does the actual distance between two points represented on the map?
Depending on the scale that the map is using, they point to 4 directions, which are North at the top and moving clockwise East, South, and West.
These are called the Cardinal directions, also Cardinal Points.
Mapping the Earth:
Mapping the Earth is different because our planet is not flat. To point out the positions, we use coordinates. A similar system of coordinates is used in the world of maps to determine the location of any place on the map, which is latitude and longitude.
Latitude:
We have the North and South Poles, the fixed points at the top and bottom. Halfway between them is the equator. Latitude is a line running through East and West, parallel to the equator. Such a line is called "parallel of latitude", and it draws a circle around the Earth. Latitude becomes smaller as we move northwards or Southwards from the equator. Latitudes are expressed in degrees by convention: "The equator is latitude zero degrees," while the latitudes of the two poles are "90 degrees north and 90 degrees south." There is a connection between latitude and the climate. Around the equator, the climate is generally hot (also called torrid) As you travel away from the equator towards one of the two poles, the climate becomes more moderate (or temperate), and close to the North and South Poles, the climate grows colder (or frigid).
Longitude:
These longitudinal line joins the North Pole and South Pole and are called "Meridians of longitude." These are all half circles running from one pole to the other. To measure longitudes, we need to define a reference point called the "Prime Meridian" it is also called the "Greenwich Meridian". Greenwich an area of London in England, would become the "International standard for the Prime Meridian." It is marked as 0° longitude just as latitude is some measure of distance from the equator if you travel towards the poles longitude is a measure of the distance from the Prime Meridian latitude and longitude together are the two coordinates of a place all these lines together consecute a grid of the globe they are called Grid line.
Note:
The Greenwich Meridian is not the first Prime Meridian. There were others in the past in fact many centuries before Europe and India had a Prime Meridian of its own it was called as Madhya Rega (from midline) and passed through the city of Ujjayani (today is Ujjain) which was reputed Centre for astronomy over many centuries Varahimriha a famous astronomer lived and worked their some 1500 years ago. Indian astronomers were aware of concepts of latitude and longitude, including the need of zero or Prime Meridian the Ujjain. Meridian became a reference for calculation in all Indian astronomical text.
Understanding time zone:
Planet spins around the axis making a full turn every 24 hours. A full turn is 360° which means 15 degree per hour from Prime Meridian. Every 15 degree up to 180 degree east its like adding 1 hour of local time. With each Meridian it would be difficult not convenient for a country to use many local times. That's why most countries adopt a standard time because that creates a base of Meridian passing through them. IST Indian standard time is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of the local time at Greenwich called Greenwich mean time or GMT to represent each country. Standard Time and therefore tends to follow the International border.
Note:
It seems as if every country has one Standard Time but some countries like Russia Canada or the USA or two large to have a single time zone. if, for example USA has 6 times on Russia has 11 time zone finally while the Prime Meridian was fixed at Greenwich the opposite line at approximately 180° longitude is called the International Date Line.
Estuary: is the place where a river meets the sea
